I think we'll just wait for a drink. All right. I know that all master's here. Our next shape in Botswana. Things like can you see me? Yeah. I can only see you. You see how the delicious food. And then we can send it through Zoom. Having better food, shoes and the contents related. Offers food better. Be at first. No comments. Should we close the door now? I'll grab some coffee makers. Darn it. Yeah. Everybody, we have that, but then I can zoom and Victor and then MapR, Dimitri. So including myself, we are five columns. And this is Professor first makers who is my mentor, the balance sheet. So I'm starting with my presentation. I think I will just skip this because you all know what I do and I was going to snow. So I'll just skip to the next one. Straightaway jump into my research and includes the P research teams that I, I'm working on and also want to expand my research into the impact of the recession. Yeah. Sorry. I don't think we can see the slides. Thanks, Vic. I was trying to disrupt. Share screen again. Can you see now? Yes. Okay. So you'll just have to advance with the down arrow. Yeah. That's fine. But I need to oh, okay. But I can't see it here anyway. Showing you on that. I'm actually pretty good at this. That's fine. That's fine. With arbitrary. You can see it now. Can you see the presentation now? We've got it. Yes. Yes, yes. Yes, yes. Let you know that we cannot see you. My screen or in the main screen. So as I was seeing as saying that these are the three key terms that I'm currently working on and also want to expand my work into. And the intention is to tackling urban warming and sustaining held in eigenspaces of megacities. I'll just briefly tell you what these three terms in fluids. So starting with the microclimate, I'm looking into urban form and building morphology. And I've done an extensive on-site microclimate measurements, CFT, Environmental Simulation, building energy simulation. And currently I'm doing some remote sensing analysis. In comfort, my focus is mainly on outdoor thermal comfort. And I look into high density urban spaces, especially megacities in the tropics. And I have carried out extensive subjective questionnaire survey, statistical comfort models using different regression techniques. And healthy that area, which I haven't worked yet. But this is where I, I look into further expanding my research. And my focus would be heat held in urban spaces. Because we are aware of increased mortality and morbidity and mental illness due to the heat held or a warming in urban spaces. Reviews labor productivity and outdoor working capacity. And you're looking into spatial health data. So just to give you a brief overview, I know it's very basic to apply to, but I wasn't really sure that you are coming. So just to tell you a little bit about microclimates. So from the time, you know that mindfulness has a smaller area, it could be very subjective. It could vary from the microclimate of a leaf or a microclimate urban, urban area. So this is a very subjective term. And when we look at micro, urban microclimate for architects, it's kind of easier because we don't use the urban microclimate. We use the tank or site climate. The site of the designer would be the would be the current line micro-climate for the designer. But when we look at iron scale, you see there are different layers of atmosphere. So if you see the top of the image, that is the urban boundary layer, which is like the atmospheric layer that is affected by the, by the urban spaces in the bottom layer. And it could vary from several meters to kilometers depending on the kind of activities that is going on in the urban space. And compared to that, you can have a look at the rural boundary layer, which is just on the right side. When we focus on a micro scale, this is what is basically happening in an, in an urban area. You can see all these buildings. And the climate layer that we are basically interested in is called UCL, or the urban canopy layer, which may lead extend up to the average height of an urban area. A lot of different things that are happening here. You can see that there are lots of buildings and we will have trophic will have less vegetation and less vegetative surfaces. So what that does is basically reuses the wind flows so there is less convective heat loss. And also all these buildings, what they do, they trap the solar radiation. So if it is very highly dense, the heat cannot escape. That's how the microclimate is significantly different from the rural climate. And I would like to see that how we can actually improve these microclimate and lower this microclimate so we can reduces adverse impacts on people and we'll be using that I've honestly, regarding kernel comfort, you have seen from John's lecture that this is a very generic definition, but the most correct definition of what we understand by thermal comfort. And it mentioned that is the condition of mind. So it is, although it's slider physiological matter, because you can see that we have a deep body temperature, 37 degrees Celsius, which has to be maintained for us to leave. And if the temperature changes, it will adversely affect our health and we will die. So, although it's less a physiological matter, but it is also very much connected to our mind. And we are not actually aware of thermal comfort unless the situation is not comfortable. So we would only say, Oh, it's very hard when we're not feeling comfortable. So that's how it's basically linked to our mind. If we look at Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we can see that at the very basic level, which is physiologically can see the basic deeds we have food, water, and warmed warranty is basically what thermal comfort relates to atrophy. If we convert into sustainable design, what that means for sustainable design is basically heating and cooling of the building or the England environment. Because when we talk about thermal comfort of the concept of thermal comfort emerge because this is the fundamental thing in building design. But this area of research has developed over, over what entry for decades now. But my interest is mainly on outdoor areas because that is the next phase because we cannot just be looking into that. Indoor areas. Outdoor is equally important because the way that cities are expanding and how the spaces are shaping, which has an impact on the buildings and also on the people, how they're using the spaces. So it is equally important to look at outdoor spaces, which brings me to my next slide. Outdoor thermal comfort. And basically, man is an outdoor animal. Although we spent like 95% of our time indoors. But it is equally important to have good outdoor micro climatic conditions. Because especially in the tropics and High density developing hundreds in the tropics, a lot of people would spend a majority of the day in the outdoor conditions. And these outer condition actually has a huge impact on the building energy consumption, as I said, the inner condition. So it's important for the health and well-being of people for economic activity. So if the outer space is not comfortable, no, nobody can use that and there will be no economic activities. It's important for the vitality of the urban spaces and also for social interaction. Mentored. And the topic I haven't explored yet is obviously the heat help. So I'm interested in this and I would like to see that the analysis that I do in terms of urban microclimate, how can that help to improve the heat held in urban spaces? Because we might think that especially in cold climate, people are thinking, okay, warming is good. I want you to learn is good for us because it doesn't quite. I mean, it, it has a positive impact on the energy consumption. And also if the spaces are warmer than it would be more socially active and more usable. But we don't know that for certain. We're not sure about them because we don't have the data. Because if you just look at the data that has been published recently, this is from from this year in UK. During the heatwaves, it was observed that 3,000 more dead. And the temperature was around 40 degrees Celsius, which is quite, which is abnormal for you. And if you look at the data, the graph on the right side, you can see there is a peak of deaths when that hits period occurs. So definitely there. These cannot be really linked to urban spaces directly, but these are the long term or the, or the hidden impacts of heat. And that's how, that's why the microclimate is so important. This is not my work, but this is the kind of work I would be interested to do. And this has been done in Birmingham in the UK. Here we can see the urban heat island impact and very high-risk areas to very low-risk areas. So here is a clear link with the, with the form or the morphology of the pattern of urban spaces in this diagram. So if you look at the center, which is like the highest concentration of risk areas, that is the city center. And it only happened because of the high density urban spaces and the morphology of the character of that area. And also you can see bits of red in all of the map. And those are basically social housing where it is equally Huygens. But for maybe for a smaller chunk covariance. This is the work I have done. I have looked into different urban forms or morphological characters. In Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, I have identified different different patterns. And these are like the left. Leftmost is mainly traditional areas. The middle one is formal and the torque would be commercial, and the bottom would be educational areas. The character you can see is quite different, although it's not quite visible from these maps because these are two-dimensional. So on the left side, these are traditional areas which has a very building heights and sizes, but it's the middle one. You can see it's all equally spaced, equal size, equal heights. And in the commercial area we have very high rise buildings, although it's not comparable to the high-rise buildings that we have in Hong Kong or in New York. And in the bottom, I have an educational area which has a lot of green areas. So there are fundamentally different characters. All these urban spaces. So I have carried out long-term measurement in all these areas. And one of the key findings I have found in-between the comparing between the traditional and the formal areas, that this traditional areas actually has a better microclimate. And we can explain that by the rule of physics. So in the formula area, since it's all equal height uniform, it actually traps the heat and the heat cannot be released when he's in the traditional areas, we have this height variation and there are empty plots. It can actually be released and so it can cool down in a better way compared to the farmer areas. So why do we want, is basically variability or diversity of urban form, which has not been recognized in this context. Because whenever we design a new area, it follows the formal residential area that everything has to be equal. Every block has to be equal. So that is not the correct approach for the high density tropical contexts. So that was one of the major finding of the research. And if we look at on the left side, these are basically basically finished by images to see how much sky is visible from the urban areas. And if you look at the very bottom image on the left, it's, it's all equal sizes. So it is from the, from the formal areas. And if you look at the top middle, that is from the traditional idea, we have variability. There are green spaces, there are vacant areas. So that helps to release the heat that is being trapped in the in the building forms. Here I have some images that how the measurements were done mostly at it at a human scale because I was in parallel conducting thermal comfort questionnaire surveys and doing the measurements at the same time. But I also managed to put some of the sensor in different parts of the buildings as well. These are like the few key geometric parameters I had been looking into. And the top one is building height too strict with ratio, which is an aspect ratio. Then I have sky view factor. We dislike how much of the sky is visible from the street. And these are related form factor and surface to volume ratio. These are basically related to the relation between building surfaces compared to building volume. So how much building surface is exposed to the, to the environment. And I found that actually none of these parameters we're able to define the diversity, the variability I'm trying to define. So I came with two parameters, which is a standard deviation of hyper-geometric issue and standard deviation of Skyping factors. And I have also looked into some of these parameters which is which is listed from Stuart and oh, OK. Which is like a pioneering study in this field. And they look into the sky view factor, aspect ratio, building surface fraction, impervious surface fraction, height of roughness element and terrain roughness classes. And on the right, I have presented some of the, some of the key co-relation. So with that I would farms with the climatic variables. So e.g. with the air temperature, I find a correlation of 0.5, 545, which is like the, although this is our values, this is not R-square values, but if it were R-square values, and we can say that the air temperature is able to explain the variation in microclimate by 50, 54%. So that's how we can, we can explain it. And on the top we have a basic geometric unit that how these studies were generated. And this is one of the earliest studies that defines our eigenspaces as an infinite or when Canyon where the buildings into size and the straight in the middle. And from this kind of diagram, all these geometric parameters are calculated. One of the main parameters that I looked into his mean, radiant temperature and forest. Forest. The research is basically looking into radiant temperature. And this is one of the key equation I was looking into, although I'm sure proposal negative with this one. Because he found that there are problems with this equation. But anyway, so these are some of the urban areas of the streets I was looking into. And I have found very significant correlation with the main reading temperature and the R1 geometric parameters. So basically what I'm trying to say is uniform heights equal billing separation and processes can lead into harsh and urban microclimate. While variety in these may foster positive changes which the study design. What is the mean region temperature, okay, I will explain. So basically radiant temperature, the solar radiation radiate and radiant temperature is mean radiant temperature is actually the average of all the radiant temperature that we deceive and a space. So e.g. in this room, we may not have radiation coming from the winner Very little bit direct solar radiation, but we still have diffused radiation and our bodies are also emitting radiation. All the objects are emitting radiation. In indoor conditions, that mean radiant temperature. Generally considered equal to the air temperature varies in the outdoors, we have radiant temperature coming from different sources and we have reflected radiation. And also, for instance, then you suddenly found that longwave radiation, which is actually a released from other services other than the Sun. That actually has a very big impact on, on, on our body. So definitely that will increase the impact of mean radiant temperature. So basically it is that it's the average of the radiant temperature that we experience in this space as a goal that you feel it's nothing to do with the air temperature because numerous definitions of all your body, you have photons that are exchanging with the wolves. From the 1980s references the Predator movie. So everything that Arnold Schwarzenegger is emitting is actually energy he's losing. Results are very different in looking around and seeing the light. But everybody is like light that's bouncing from the sun or from these lights, but in long-wave were all emitting. So the only reason we see the sinus, because we evolved to have a 5,000 degree thing which emits shortwave light. And then terrestrial light is all like 300 Kelvin, 30 degrees. We emit much longer wavelength light, but that's what we can see, what the thermal camera, and that's what the predator sees and hunts down. Not one but two governors. The movie, the predator had people that went to become the body and arms was negative, go on to become covenants, United States, it's so sad. But anyway, it's a good reference for mean radiant temperature. Very simple. Example would be when you sit next to fire, you don't have to fire but heat up the thighs transferring to your body that is actually a radiation thermometer with aluminum foil around it right next to a fire. It would measure exactly the air temperature, so you would not be any warmer. So the air is not warm and excellent. The air, the fire is drawing air into the fire and going up. So the only hot air is above the fire. Next to the thyroid. Everything you feel it's just and photons. There's this radiation problem that people often misconstrued. Like really like radiation. That radiation like the Simpsons. I just realized that I should have included with the radiation the different bands that we have because that'll be helpful. There's took big bands, right? Is what the Earth emit and then there's the Sun that we see. Yeah, so the invisible one is the Heartland because it's not very intuitive. We don't see it, not relationship to it. But if I put you in a room where all the surfaces were 55 degrees Celsius or like 120. That's the same as standing directly in the sun. Sorry, I'd like to give that example. Be in a totally dark room, no sound at all. But if there's servers are 55, that's how powerful the sentence that sounds like a pretty strong thing. But the other thing I'll point out, and then we move on because this is where the OCD about radian steps is that NGO or the mirroring temperature is always different than the air temperature. It's just that the sensors are so bad that everybody has historically thought that this same. And that's why we have thermostats that I can guarantee all of you have been uncomfortable in a room that the thermostat says it's comfortable, which is badly because the surfaces are not the same temperature as the air temperature, especially these ones that I'll touch the outside air right now when it's cold. So if you have like an office in a place where a Europe is touches the outside and somebody else's office is on the inside, you're going to have the exact same room temperature, but feel totally stupid. That's what I achieve more on the indoor part. But outdoor stuff is much more fun because it's even more extreme than the indoor things. The inner one is just more problematic from the way we design these like building system components. But outdoor, I think it's much more policy implications for urban planning and the like. He's dressed and how? Well, that's a generalization that we can reconsider. Here we go outside that range is way, way bigger. Yeah. Okay, So coming back to my presentation, so these are some of the rest of the correlations that I have found with different climatic regions and the geometric parameters. So I move to the next one, which includes the thermal comfort survey. And I have actually collected responses from more than 2000 people. Give me my PhD and I was only able to analyze like 1,300 because there was too much data to analyze. And on the right, although you cannot see this, this graphs, but this basically says, what is the relation between carbon concord, which is TSP to those application boat, and the diabetic variables. And it basically tells you that all the climatic variables has a huge impact on how people feel, whether people feel comfortable or uncomfortable. And I have also extensively looked into different personal and also few psychological parameters because psychological parameters have not been very well explained till now. The research is very complex. I mean, these are the main parameters that I have looked into. So if you can see from here, so I've looked into gender, body exposure, age, activity, exposure to air conditioned space, cold food in 15 min. Next destination is air conditioned, then sweat levels. So these are the parameters that have looked into. All these parameters have a significant impact on comfort of the sample of people I was looking into, but this will vary. We go to a different cultural or climatic contexts. So e.g. gender, usually what happens that women are more sensitive to comfort will feel hotter the same temperature while the male are comfortable. And age also have a big impact. But I haven't found that in my study. I noticed the gender impact, but not the age. I don't think I will explain all the other parameters here. But basically, what I did later is develop, develop the regression models to be able to define the comfort ranges for these particular climatic contexts. And usually what happens that in thermal comfort research we use multiple regression models, but it is, it is, it has order. So in terms of comfort, we would use a scale, whether we feel comfortable or slightly warm, warm or hot. So this is like the heart flutter bands of the thermal comfort and it has the order. I have used ordinal regression model and do to be able to define the thermal comfort in this area. And this was the first application of the model in the climate conference that I'm talking about. Then I compare that with the, with the cross tabulation that just to see how much, how much this model is able to define what is found in the actual situation. And I have found that when I include the passionate about ammeters, in addition to the climatic parameters, the accuracy of the model actually increases and it further increases when I, when I include some psychological pedometers is when students. So I didn't get it. Okay if I really go into so e.g. when I say gender, age, these are like personal parameters, so it depends on the person. And really barometers, air temperature, relative humidity, and own it and psychological parameter one example would be the next destination is air conditioned. So that'll be a psychological sort of parameter because people are in a hot situation, e.g. but they know that my destination is next destination is air conditioner. You feel cooler and comfortable. So whether that that gives them peace of mind and whether that has an impact on the comfort condition. So these are the different parameters that was included in a statistical model to be able to define the thermal comfort. So e.g. we don't have any sample, we just have these equations and I want to know what would we the comfort level of this particular sample for tropical climate. I would just apply these equations and the statistical model to degenerate the circuit. So this is really reading the place. So again, you try to have like a rule which is if someone tells you, if someone is, let's say, a male in his 50s, that you have other parameters are age, gender, and all meters. So what do you exposure, whether their body is in the sun or in the shade. What is the proficient type? So what they what do they do for work? Okay. So it's not it's not at a specific moment in general and in their daily life, like it's an average or it is. The data is collected for a specific moment, which I have the climatic data. So I was doing the survey at the same time, I was measuring the climatic parameters. Okay. Okay. Okay. So then that can vary. So then that tells you that tells you what they feel at the moment, but doesn't tell you in general because then the next next word I'm going to show you that I wouldn't be able to. Then she'll go back just generally said, prediction. So what are you trying to predict things like them the trip because you said it. So statistical models are basically approximate mission. They cannot give 100% accurate because that's what I was trying to see. So e.g. if I don't see my cursor was there. I'm sorry. So just look at on the top white hat, the terminal CG read from he handed the DSP. And on the left I have the predictive model. Okay, So actual TASB versus the predicted model. And if you look at 71.3. Can you see that? That means the model is able to explain how many people are actually feeling. Slightly one, which is one. And the ordinal model is actually explained to say, actually explain that 31.3% people are in that category. But there is a problem with the model. So this category, the model is only able to define 17.8%. Right? Here. The model is able to define 47.1%. So it's not 100% accurate. Ideal condition, it will be 100, 100, 100 for, for all the categories that you see, you ask them at one moment. And then you have the temperature measurement for that. And then you, using all these variables to see, can we explain why this person is or isn't comfortable at this temperature based on these, these carry them and then try to use that model to get if there's any, any person X at the end, if I, if I just go to my next slide and tell you what it means for sample size that I have. So this is like the declassification baby is physiologically equivalent temperature, which is like a camel comfort scale or index for four areas. It has been only applied for, mostly applied for the temperate climates which is like the Western countries mostly, they have a PET scan. My scale, How can also be applied to a tropical climates. So with this data, I can tell the people in Taka would be comfortable between 29.5 to 32.5. So this is what I'm basically looking at extracting from the statistical model. This is the conclusion I basically we reach. Well, although this is a lot of analysis behind that and it's a separate paper. In terms of air temperature, the neutral range would be 32, 33. That would be the air temperature ranges. Does it answer your question now? So basically what I'm trying to say that what would be the ranges that people are in a tropical climate or in Kappa would be feeling comfortable. So I come up with this range of temperature and physiologically equivalent temperature, just like just mentioned, that indoor we're filling 50 degrees, that this temperature, same as when we're standing in the sun. Beat is kind of that kind of scale that tells us about the comfort going forward scheme of people. So although here the PEG and air temperature is almost similar, it's not very different, but in other contexts and other climates, if you look into this vast amount of data, it could be, the beauty could be higher or lower because BED does not consider only at temperature. It also consider all the parameters like wind speed, e.g. if you have air temperature 30 degrees Celsius, but you have high flow when actually you will feel slightly a lot as, you know, not as hard as you might feel when there is no airflow in the same temperature, humidity, humidity, and temperature, globe temperature, and all these parameters. And also it also considers them for personnel variable which is which is the clothing. So the clothes that we wear and activity level, metabolic rate, because all these have huge impact on the conflict. But the one on the right than the air temperature, you have to fix all those things to say that that's the acceptable air temperature. Yeah. I mean, if we did that wind speed and a set temperature and humidity, because otherwise, if those changes than the acceptable here temperature change. So if you're standing in the sun, they separate layer temperature would go down to like 20 e.g. so the PEG would account for that. Just think if temperature is kinda just assuming nominal conditions probably likely initiate normal human whatever, don't want to be more holistic, I guess the PEG, but the problem with it is that it's also an analogy to temperature. So challenges that really what you're, what you're trying to model is how much heat you're experiencing and a space. And it just so happens that temperature is the thing that our brains tied to come for more than me telling you your body needs to be able to get rid of 100 watts and we need to calculate that. That's not intuitive for people. So we make these abstractions that help us try and encompass all the complex things that are on heat transfer your body into it. Temperature number that's representative of like the air temperature that we see on the bank clock or that the weatherman tells us, which is very similar to windchill or the heat index you get on your weather app. Now like in the winter, it will start getting the windchill temperature in the summer you get the heat index. And those aren't as holistic as PET, but there's similar like wind chill is just trying to account for the fact that today it feels much colder than yesterday, even though the temperature is the same. Windy today, really sunny day. And then you have to be aware that the heat and that are really humid day, the heat index goes up because your body can't evaporate water very fast, which is super important to how you share the same applies for the radiation as well. That's more standard. Sampling. We'd feel warmer than the air temperature is. The important thing I think we're gonna do is it's not, there's no, no weatherman ever gives you a variable that tells you the fact that you could be experiencing the equivalent of a 20 degree warmer sensation just because you're standing next to the white building in the sun, in the summer, because the building is sitting really, really hot. And then the pavement is really, really hot and you have no idea how hot they really are, but they are emitting, emitting heat onto you that makes you feel as if the air is could be, especially in these canyons that she showed. It could feel 20 degrees hot it but it's really hard to put that in the weatherman is report because it changes from this block, the informal block, like it's all very spatially variable. So this is the interesting thing about all the data she's collecting and kind of figuring out how you can communicate a little bit. This is a big, big challenge because the meteorological things like wind chill and he didn't expect relative humidity and wind speed are generalizable. But these things about the radiant temperature is measuring are not very generalizable. But they do have this relationship to urban form and how you decide or how you make policy around zoning and these kind of things actually come back. Really interesting mechanisms you can use to try to mitigate some of it. But unfortunately, there's not an easy way to make people aware of it because they don't see it. I didn't see the direct effect is not very tangible. But for me it's interesting because I was, when I go now as in when I'm in a city in the summer, I always try to go to a park and not so much because there is shade. Because for instance, in France, even the way they put the trees, there is not much shade, but just because it's open, you already feel cooler. Every time I walk into a bar between loom when I was living in Paris, for instance, like if you only do so, not a lot of shifts at all, but there is no buildings around and every time it was crossing, it was like it feels so much better. So I couldn't quit. Actually. If you look at just a just a just a quick question. I mean, this is really amazing work toenail. It's just telling the reader on Zoom that this is just so amazing. I mean, all of us amazing, but this is really amazing. Let's just wondering for PET, does it take into account human density? I mean, I seem to catch that when we refer to like perceptions and understanding p or q, we tend to refer to our body or your body, or are you I'm right to assume that P T is the, assuming that it is one body at a certain place in the southern time is that assumption? I'm not sure if I have understood your question correctly, but you're talking about human density? Yes, we do consider human density when we are indoor conditions. So all our body's general heat that is considered in internal heat gain. But in outdoor, it is impossible because it is so versatile. And we cannot be focusing on a particular space and measuring how many people are there. There'll be, there'll be too complex. But for indoor, take into consideration that how many people are there and how much heat is generated by the human bodies. So e.g. here we are fine. All of us are here generator, generating, keep the computers at generating heat. The lights are emitting heat. So everything we do to calculate the internal heat. They took questions kind of makes sense as well because I would say the density for assessment of markets or during a festival, a good to a lot of outdoor festival. And definitely even when it's cold, stuff that cool because you have like 3,000 people who roams extending the very, I think you should think about PET is the abstraction of all the things that would make you feel hot or cold. And so within that abstraction, you could include the heat exchange with any person like you and I are exchanging radiation if I put a sentence and again, her work has a lot of this sensor deployment. So if you do it in the market, you're gonna get more radiation emitted by the people around the market. And so depending on people are sometimes warmer than other surfaces. They're not going to heat up the air very much. Unfortunately, we're not that strong of an engine, but we're not emitting. And we're like one 1000th of a car. So we're not heating up the air, but our surfaces are in fact warmer. So I mean, there are ways, but again, the thing I think I would say that the PET and there's also operative temperature was in one of your things. There's wet bulb, There's all these abstractions, even windshield right there, mainly meant to try and combine a complex set of variables that affect how we. Characterize the environment around a body. Which is adding in those separately is the fact that there is psychology in, and then there's also a physiology of that barrier, the statistics but from person to person. So if you're sitting, the PET is trying to normalize one metric that encompasses all of my thermal interactions. And then if I'm exact same person in the exact same environment, I should feel exactly the same, but someone who's younger, older, bigger, smaller has just exercise, just eaten lunch. All those things actually change their physiology. And so that's where it also gets interesting. So try and keep these things in your mind is just the abstraction of the environments. Thermal influence on me as much as it can be normalized. And my work is a lot of saying how those things are wrong. The answer is actually B, D, that abstraction is highly problematic and a lot of situations, but it's still really good at coming up with it. Except that obvious that he turned to super complex and this is a pretty good job normalizing all these complex, especially the things that most of us don't even realize are happening. That's the thing that makes it so amazing, is that like there's so much stuff into you that you have no idea what's going on. And at least this tries to capture some of that, yeah, exactly. And the initial index that we had, PMB predicted mean vote, that was actually hugely problematic. So that is not used in other contexts because outdoor is it doesn't really have a boundary. And actually it reminds me the victors question reminds me of a paper that I was reviewing the day actually rejected because it was focusing on that high-density people and whether that generates enough heat, but it was not very convincing case because that will compare it to other regulation in a space or an outdoor space that would be negligible. So the study began showing evidence that it will have a huge impact even if it's very, very high density in terms if you're an empire of England, you can just watch them and see how they use radiant heat and they huddle up at a music festival. Brian are really crowded thing. Then you think about how many surfaces around you are actually surfaces of other humans. It's a lot when your shoulder because it's spread out, it's it goes way down. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. We're not putting sensors out in shoulder to shoulder around it either. Anyway. Yeah. And the reasons that I just mentioned about the surface temperature, I just wanted to show you that this is Bernini's Plaza, which you're all familiar with. And we can have these sort of Plaza in Bangladesh or in a tropical contexts it because that heat up the surface it will be emitting would be impossible. So it would reach 60 or 70 degrees so that the tolerable by people. Okay. So that brings me to my next publication that I did on CFD, my climate modelling. And again, these modelings or the safety CFD is computational fluid dynamics that try to calculate the, the dynamics of the fluid, which is water or air. And very, very complex equations of physics, like Navier Stokes equations that involve those equations are extremely complex and the entire space is divided into smaller grades. They calculate the equations for each single grid, and it is so computationally intensive and so complicated. It's like weather modeling. But now, looking just into a microclimate level and the accuracy of the model is not, it's not fully accurate, but it gives us, the idea, gives us a good way of seeing that what is happening in urban spaces in terms of the climatic variables and also in terms of thermal comfort. Because they also can apply comfort equations which will show us spatially how the comfort is getting into different spaces depending on different parameters. So these are good approximations and useful tools for urban designers and architects. But again, we have to remember these are not 100% accurate. And I have proved that when I compared my modeling data with measurement data. And I have seen, If I don't use the exec, inputs from the actual sites, the model will not give me accurate results. Depending on the weather station data. What architects and designers usually do, they use weather station data for, for building energy performance for CFD simulations or iron or by simulation. But where the station data. Collected for each CD cannot really explain the variability in microclimates. Microclimates data. These micro climate modeling tools will not give us an accurate results. So that's what this study was about. And one of the problem is, remember, this is also feedback that that thing on the right with all those different wind speeds, is that much the buildings are affecting the wind speed. But you have to run that model for every different Wednesday that's coming from the bottom. So the wind is probably coming from the top-left wherever it's pink and high wind speed. But in reality, when you go outside today, you're going to feel the wind gust. It's called analogous to go away. You need to be modeling every different version of that gust and from every different direction, which in fact nobody does. Which is why this is always somewhat qualitative. So comparable, even if you did it right, It's like, let's write, the weather station measures this one wind speed that I ran the super complex model for. But you really don't have that. We're working toward having a computational capacity to do infinite direction and infinite speeds. But you can imagine that that's just one solution or one wind gusts that you experienced at one point in time. So it's a very air is this very, very difficult thing, right? It's difficult to say that it's doing the same thing all the time. Yeah, I know. Just to give you an idea that this wall I run models, It's not very big. Like less than 100 meter and 150 meter in one side and other side. So it's quite small in terms of urban scale. But it would take these kind of model would take to three days to run to generate all the data because it is solving all the atmospheric equations for each single grid. Our approximation and other models which would run faster like Professor Lee is working, you are aware scales. So basically you imagine meteorologists use grids that are like kilometer scale grades for the entire country and independent work your way down and make those little squares bigger or smaller? I mean, now like that could be solved in an hour at the, yeah, But that uses justice sync symbol. I want candy on. It doesn't say it doesn't replicate the actual geometry that I have done here. So I have actually model that actual area. Where does the model that we're talking about? Ucf. They just take one urban canyon and that considers that these iron can be an infinitive. And if we dissolve the equations for that simplest simplistic geometric, we would have a general listing idea that what would happen in a similar kind of complex geometric condition, but we have lots of problem. We dealt with actual deducing. It isn't actually mapping. I sleep want to see this stuff. So they will just have two blocks. As what I understood, I'm not an expert in Hesiod model, but I understood that they just wouldn't have approximation. And a simplistic model just with one single canyon. They just take the average height of the buildings because it's an area where you wouldn't even have them. Every building in the city. And then you can resolve the plume, that thing you saw at the beginning. You can resolve that very accurately. Again, the way we know the weather is not from modeling like at the building scale than a kilometer scale grid. We can do pretty well at knowing it's going to rain today or rough at this temperature is you're going to be. So it kinda depends on the resolution of what you want to know. But in this case, you do want to know like what are the sidewalk has wind or not? Because that has implications for urban design and planning, right? Go for it. If I see a wave is stagnant in one space, I would try to find ways increasing airflow in that area because this is a very polluted city and also this is a tropical country, many left flow. So all those decisions comes from the designer. When he gets to know that this would be the situation in a particular area. But I'm going to precisely seeing it. I think you need variation. So the average distance, how much? Yeah. Yeah. Context of a tropical climate or the contexts that we would need a lot of variability. So we have turbulence, we have more airflow within urban spaces. So the accumulated heat can be carried away. And urban forms, they can release the heat so they can get older because the density we are talking about in taka is not like any other city. One of the highest densities that he can imagine. But then you would want the opposition of cold country. I'm guessing. Like if you, I mean, I come from a cold place where where we are happy when the wind does not. Of course, yeah, exactly. So those knowledge is already there. So the series are designed like that. But here the context I'm talking about in Bangladesh, we're just replicating what is being applied in the Western countries as a formula. I will planning. But that doesn't really go with the climatic contexts and the high density context of the city. So that's, that's one of the point I'm trying to write. And you may just want the surface to the meat of your factor in the US and for the approximation of the modelling afternoon that all the material building metro deals are similar. Because if we are, material also has a significant impact on that. Because the radiant temperature and the surface temperature. But it has been found that plays a more important than the materials they need to combine. You cannot exclude one from the other. They will have a comparative. Scale is Gail and this is the main, is the crux. At this scale, you don't need to mess with the surface roughness. But if I want to know what's happening on the corner of that building specifically, then it might matter. There's two things that happen in, through the dynamics. There's inertial, formal, like how the form and you put your hand out the window of the car like this dream is like. But then there's also friction lot. Well that's where if you hold your hand like this and your hand is really rough, aircrafts you more. So these are all the things that play out in these models. It doesn't matter at this scale of a whole building whether you get the glass versus the brick, because the variation doesn't matter at the scale of this whole block. It might matter at the scale of a person standing on the corner of the building and then to the weatherman, none of that matters at all. In fact, it doesn't even matter if the building to the same height, you can get kinda close. This whole game of approximations. Their movement at the scale of cities, right? To model the butterflies back basically means the inverse way, like a butterfly flapping its wings causes a hurricane in Hawaii or a gutter guy. Okay. So did you have to go? Yeah. Okay. No, I left my house. I have a lot of contractors. Most of them are me, but I didn't want to do the getters. Great. We should. We need to talk about the sensor data. Are you going to get to your plan study at the end? That's the part I probably should have shut up and let you. All right. Thank you. Are you mainly showing the work and then we'll make a plan for the research deployment. You just want to, at the end of your presentation, you're going to come to the sensor part. Well, we save it for later that conversation because of the later, but I just have the remote sensing. Noticing that I have I was able to do in the last two. Amazing where she does and then we're gonna do even better. That's the plan. Thank you so much. Ram run. Very, very boring. Okay. Yeah. Thank you for attending. Okay. I think this would be more relevant to what you guys do, at least this is my first application of some qualitative methods. Because basically the data and collect it was not statistically significant for our quantitative analysis. So this is a study I did in India, Ahmedabad, and I carried out a post occupancy evaluation of houses. This is formerly lived procedure but affected community, but literacy affected community. So all these people, they were gathered together by the government because all they have leprosy previously. And they got treatment from the government and they got this land and these houses were built for them to house them, and they were basically socially excluded. So in terms of provision, what these people do, many of them were beggars and they, they didn't have any occupation do that because they have a socially excluded because I was looking into basically three different kinds of houses. One is co-design houses to build by architects to a charity program and with the participatory planning from the resident. Then second type was new build houses, which they built themselves. Obviously these houses were built like 70 years ago, I think. And I think some engagement. Then I'm 72, 50. So some of these resident, they actually demolished original, how's the government bill? And they build their own houses. So what you can see here on the very left image is basically the houses that were built by the people themselves with their own money. Yeah, it doesn't show the co-design houses or the actual original existing house. But I was looking into these three different kinds of houses and I was interviewing people. To understand what is the benefit of having the participatory planning in these contexts? Because the architect has gathered all the people together and he talked with them that what they want in their houses. But he had to work with a very limited budget, like 2000 pound for pound, which is like almost $4,500. So each house was built in the budget, so it is extremely tight budget. And then he told me that he had to calculate the number of bricks. That title. I went to see that what people in terms of whether they're satisfied, since this was built to a participatory process or not. And then lot of interesting things came out that I also measured the comfort and took measurements in all these houses because, I mean, some of the existing houses, the temperature was 47 degrees Celsius. I don't know if you can imagine. I don't know whatever P in front in front of time. Okay. So 70 years ago they did participatory things. 1950s, that makes 17. So then the destroy whatever it was built, 17. Okay, let me tell you that these were leprosy affected people together by the Indian government into this place in Ahmedabad, they came from different parts of the country and the government built houses for them. So these are really basic housing. While we've no insulation and corrugated asbestos. And he was extremely hard, I made about is a hot, dry climate and temperature. I was almost think that it was so terribly hot. Now at doing this than I do. Do you need me to repeat the other kinds of houses? Replace those government built houses with their own very recently, recently. So the knee will houses that the resident stem cells make are made within the last ten years. And the co-design houses I'm talking about were built by a charity, the De Montfort University in the UK, where I was working with a bit six houses, yeah, I think sounds at that period by now. So there's three types of buildings. The one from the 70 years ago and it's still exist. The admittance built themselves between the person. And then the last one, which is with the architect and the capacity, is about, It's about Teresa will need. This third statement actually talks about the co-design houses knocked out the other house, right? I was, although I interviewed all the, all the, all the residents from different houses. But in this paper I was focusing on the core design, how the justice, whether they were satisfied and then the kind of internal environment these houses were generating, whether that was comfortable or not. So if you just quickly look at the graph here, basically all people where in terms of thermal acceptability, overall happiness, daylighting, ventilation in the co-design houses. People were all very happy in terms of all these environmental conditions. And also in the new built houses, you see that there are problems with daylighting and also with ventilation. And also in the old houses. Nobody's happy abuse leads. Okay. For them. Yeah. Some of the some of the groups I mean, there are just two rooms in the internal room doesn't even have a window. So you can imagine how light and temperature regulation, those were not really people. But anyway, so what I have found that that basically this participatory process that the architect implemented have resulted into improved satisfaction. So people were very rarely satisfied in terms of internal things. But what happened? They actually didn't realize that. What would be where did we I'm their long-term benefit in terms of long-term benefit, what this cohort or satisfaction met. So e.g. they were not happy with the courtyards that were provided by the architects. We can be just explaining. If you look at this very left image, you see there is no code yet, right? So they are trying to build as much as they could. And when they go upstairs, they tried to take the sky space even though there would be no solar access to actually they're replicating what was happening in the old houses. So there will be no cross ventilation, there'll be no daylighting. So he did generate a very Difficult living conditions. Whether the co-design houses architect included code here in the front and also sent some houses in the middle of them, middle of the blocks. So just degenerate ventilation and to have adequate daylight and for basic cooling and all these environmental measures to make it more environmental friendly and also socially friendly. Because these people, they spend, they are not really active in terms of what they do in terms of work. I mean, they don't really have any specific probation. They they are very closely knit communities, so they spend a lot of time talking to each other. Socially close. So you need a social space. So the architect was trying to give them this quote here where they can actually interact with the people from the neighborhood. But they didn't like it. They had a huge duplication. Then they didn't activate the courtyard spaces because they were thinking that they needed more living spaces rather than wasting space for environmental reasons or for social reason, which they couldn't really actually see what would be the benefit of having those spaces. We understand the benefit of having the participatory process, but we actually also need to make these people are aware that what is being done. So it's not necessarily the participatory process and learning what they want would lead to a best outcome. We have to have some kind of control to make them around because they are not aware of the other benefits. They are basically more interested in their personal arsenal benefit, which I also found in the, in a focus group discussion. There were the community leaders which were who were not really happy with what is happening with the co-design houses. They wanted to build as high as they could and they want to India, they have this joint family system. So if the sun gets married, he is supposed to live with their parents and bring his wife together and raise his children within the same house, which is not really possible in this tiny plots because they have only one or two rooms. But they want to house everyone and they want to be higher than, higher than encroaching their surrounding lands as much they could. So the basically on these power dynamics invisible when I was steady. And you try to tell them what the benefit of a courtyard or we try but information. Yeah, No, no. We try and beans and architect actually have to have to admit, I mean, he couldn't go on with his own logics any longer. And the funny thing is, the last two houses that he built where didn't include any courtiers. So that was, that was giving, giving away. He's seen. It makes sense if you think about just how small the houses IN. If you think about living space, if you were to rent a house, and if you would take time to think about how am I going to fit my family in this place? Like think about your own family and think about that house. And then they think, if you think, okay, should I have a little bit of place outside or should I have some space to my children can be in a separate space from me every night for so many so many reasons. Yeah. You can understand why people why people would want to add 100 rooms and they would want more? Or are they really thinking about comfort for another room? That's what I liked. What they were still comfort tag. No. No. Meaning for them. They are used to these they are basically used to this kind of another key thing is they don't sleep indoors. So during the during the summer they would sit outdoors. So I'm not sure if I have an image. He's actually use that funding. On the very left. You can see, can you see that there is a bed? This is the bed. Oh, wow. So this is like a temporary bed when they can't knows this very well. So they would just put the value in the street and they will slip there and not the house because they wouldn't slip into houses in the culture that make sense. Yeah, that makes sense because they would sleep in the code here. Then actually in the query design houses, they are using the space for slipping. Spend my days in the neighborhood houses. They would go on the top to sleep on the roof. Because that's, that's very customary. And also socially acceptable. Women would sleep outside as well. It doesn't matter. Because the weather is so difficult, you cannot really bad that we didn't have built environment, it's not possible. So they would slip because it's a hot, dry climate of the nighttime, the deputy drops. It will just be outside. It's dry. It's dry. It's dry, but they also have motion. They also have Munson. Yeah. This study musical, generated all these interesting things about these particular community and mixed methods sociotechnical approach, because I have used both qualitative and quantitative methods and collected data and looking into the culture and the context and the social aspects of these pupils, the book. There's no more obviously leprosy because it was long ago. Nobody has leprosy but there has been undergoing treatment. So they okay. Oh, really? I mean, they're they're being monitored so that a person doesn't come back. Is there a stigma with these people who were very much affected by big mode from that, from that other societies. So that's why they were experiment, but it's very, very long time. But interesting is you. So this left image, this is, this is supposed to be a house over one single woman she is needed. But after she had that, she got this house, this beautiful house, all her relatives from all over the place and they come to live with her. This is her daughter and relatives. Every time I went to her house, he was not there. It was the other people have relatives were living. As soon as she got this house. People are making contacts and coming to live with her. So if you don't put socially, they are made more. Hey, consumption is amazing then like yeah. If you can you lower stimulating it back? Yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah. Although they are in general, having that space makes it attractive for people to come. And also they, although they're very much satisfied what they have caught for that, very happy about it, but they start to complain about other small things. Okay, the tonic is not very spacious. And why do I have these back, back here, which brings in lots of dust and dirt. So because because of the wind, she didn't find anything to complain about. But she didn't quite like that. The idea that these pink is perhaps being wasted, That's what she thought. She was trying to find. What, what can I tell about this negative space? So that was, that exactly. It takes up Maslow's hierarchy. So when the physiological needs are met, we all respirations go. Okay, So I have I don't know, It's been quite long. Here. I have in the next few slides, in the seminary slide, I have the word that I mean in the last two months and I tried to go very quickly. How much time do we have? 15 min. Okay. Okay. So I'll try to finish it in 10 min. And so as you have seen in my previous work, I had been looking into micro scales and I have found it very difficult to come to a conclusion when you are looking at very specific smaller chunk of areas, I want to be able to see what happens to the entire city and how the temperature is different in different places and how that can be converted into policy for larger scale. So I, I came up with the idea of using remote sensing. Remote sensing data is almost ready. And you can get good opportunity to look at larger scale. And it gives, it is so advanced these days that there are so many things we can do. I mean, I'm really surprised that that so much is available into work in this area. And on the right side, this is a I15 at classification, which is done by Stuart and 0. In 2012. This is like a pioneering study. As I mentioned. I have used this classification in my PhD study as well. These basically does. It generalizes the album climatic areas and divide it into ten different urban farms and natural phones. And just to tell you roughly, so there is compact highlight the heydays of the compact area of high-rise buildings. Then we have compact mid-rise combat load, ISO, different environment categories that I have. Natural environment as well, like a dense green or low plans or fair. I cannot read bare soil or sand, different natural categories. And there I tried to generate. Google Cloud journey. And I tried to generate local family zoning maps on top. And I will be generating a for other cities as well, like Cardiff and London. And this map that I have generated, it shows me that in target, what are the compact meet raise areas, where are the open we'd raised areas and what natural environment I can distinguish so I can see where the water is or where the colors are. I mean, this is pretty straight forward. And now my next intention is to see what would be the relation with the microclimate or the climatic data that I can generate from the remote sensing. One problem with remote sensing data that I cannot get air temperature. I can get the surface temperature, which would be, which is not similar to a temperature, but this is what we have now and I will be trying to relate with air temperature. That'll be the next step. The next step, I have generated land surface temperature map or for summer and winter. And if you look at this box plot, what we can see, but different climate zones, the l-s-t actually differs. Our built environment, it's slightly higher and for natural environment, it is lower except for this 16, which is where Stan or soil. So that would have high reflectivity and high temperature because of the Manchuria. And similarly, I've generated NDVI Matt, NDVI map for taka for two different season and UBI is a vegetation index, so it tells me about the amount of vegetation in the city. And similarly in the boxplot. And you can see there are distinct differences between the different classes of urban farm or the digit classification and the NDVI. Similarly, I've generated data for DWI, which is the water index, tells me about the water bodies. And finally, I have generated NDVI, which is the building in its tells me where the buildings are and what is basically the amount of buildings I can, which I can compare with that LCG. These are some of the key relations I have found. Some of the key relations. I mean, this is this is very natural that LSD would reduce with increase of vegetation surface temperature, radius. This is a straightforward relation, but it is the magnitude and the pattern matters. So e.g. for taka that the magnitude, which is like 0.59, the correlation. But for another study I can remember which is in Sao Paolo, the relation was 0.9. Why, why is this difference? That would be the question to ask. So it's not about just finding the correlation. It is finding about why this is happening and what is the reason for this kind of value. Similarly, if you see sky view factor, if you remember, I showed you the diameter of urban farm and NST. I would imagine if the sky is more visible, the temperature to be bored because the, it is exposed to wider receiving more radiation. But here I can see a negative correlation. Why is that? Because I'm not talking about the built environment only. I'm also talking about natural and burn. So that's what brings me to this negative correlation and also negative correlation with surface albedo and LST. This is where the material impact comes. So I'll be doing is basically the reflectance of radiation from a particular metric or any surface metro area. This, the more heat is reflected back. That means stipulated would reduce because you're able to release no. You are reflecting the heatmap. So the temperature a little devious. That's why we have this negative correlation. And also on the top right, we have a positive correlation which says land surface temperature has a positive correlation with building satisfaction. More beliefs, more temperature because buildings are absorbing that heat. Very last slide. So this is idle time at work. I have done recently won in London and one in Spain, Alhambra in Granada. That's very famous historical place. And in London is just a 1 h walk. And within this 1 h, I was able to see three degrees Celsius temperature difference in urban spaces, which is very significant because what even one degree Celsius temperature difference means that we'll have a huge impact on building energy consumption. That is thing we can measure. And also it will have a huge impact on the comfort of the people that are using the space. Similarly in Spain, and this is a three hour walk and you can see almost 45-degree senses temperature difference that, that's so significant. That means that the temperature is being modified by the, by the forearm or the, or the natural surfaces or the surface properties of the data environment characteristics that we are in. The final step for my work would be to convert how to convert these into policy. And I have a plan to organize a symposium, but I plan to bring some experts and probably a representative from the local government if I can. But it is actually extremely difficult because of the political community. Because it will see that the last three immigrant fluid that for data that is the metropolitan planning. Planning basically one of the top newspaper which says that leaves dark as flood zones alone. And Roderick should just start filling up a flood flood zones. So basically, this metropolitan plan, we build up all the gums, which is environmentally extremely powerful, but the company is doing it themselves. So how do you convince these governments? So that would be my biggest challenge. Yeah, that's that's all for the presentation. Thank you so much for your patients. It's been a long one. Oh, Victor, you're still here. Thank you for being here. I did. Yes. Okay. I have to do it. No. I did stop it here. I guess close, closer. I think maybe remember to record. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Come out as you are. You guys still here? I'm still here. Stop sharing here, maybe identical version, so they're starting to be fair enough. I think that into version, so yes, Sure. Okay. Anymore questions? I have a good discussion. I have a question. Sure. We went for it. We went to know for this talk with this person is obviously doing cutting-edge work in this field. But he was not at all measuring this micro-climate. Right. So I was just wondering, is this would you say this is x specialized work, someone like you who does it and not everyone has to do it or is it that somebody doing the kind of work that he's doing should in fact, this is something essential that you should be paying attention to. What is the well, this has been brought to attention almost 20 years ago, so it's nothing new. So the people who were focusing into a building scale, they are aware that urban contexts has a significant impact on the simulation work or the study they're doing by focusing into individual building. But that is actually a significant drawback because if you see that what they're doing, they're considering a building on its own, not surrounded by anything. That's not the case. Because oh, the surrounding buildings and urban contexts, those buildings, we have significant impact on what is going on that particular case study buildings. And they do have to take it into account. But so far there is no straightforward way of connecting these two different scales. So what is urban modeling? And one is filling? So there is no straightforward way of connecting things and people are developing different ways. I also applied in my work. So I, what I did, I obviously I did the microclimate thing and then I imported, imported the data into the building scale modelling. That's how I was able to consider the impact. But again, that has a problem itself because for microclimate you can, you can get only if we're doing modeling, you can get only one or two days state. That is not enough to run a building simulation model which needs a one here. So there are, there, it is. It is a complicated situation. You can understand some things this way and then somebody, yeah, So even though he's going to go for approximation using the ECM models, which is like as far as it can be not even 1 h. Yeah. I'm looking through the data like that. Yeah. Okay. So just another question. I think this is also a question to all of us as well, will be commenting upon our work in relation to the larger team of sustainability. And I'm just wondering if you could, perhaps. I mean, I see a logo click contexts and I wonder if the question of sustainability also needs to be applied. The Uber, never, and I wonder if you could share, what do you want your team to impact of your work is sustainable futures. Right now. Not a lot of people work in the urban climate science. So it is still limited and there is still a need for raising the awareness. So I think actually I am looking into a megacity and my intention is to, is to work with other mega cities as well. Because I think the megacities are basically the epicenter of problems, Albert problem that we have today. Yeah. Yeah. So yes, I think if we can, if we can, the outcome we would generate for these, for these megacities, I think it will be, it will be globally applicable. For similar climate and cultural contexts. It cannot be really generalized for the entire world. It has been generalized for the digit classification that I had shown you. But it is not accurate for expanding area. We really need to know that how the urban warming or the heat island effect is happening in different parts of the world. And how do we tackle those issues? There has been a lot of work going on, but obviously it's a, it's a major issue. But we need to, we need to do our bits as well. So we can only focus at a time scale, right? We cannot. If I was doing a word, I cannot focus into the anti-war because I don't have the expertise. I don't have the urban climate knowledge for other ideas or other cities. Because in order to generate the classical education and to understand the climate of a particular area, you have to have prior knowledge of that area. So I know very well because I grew up there. So I can, I can actually work towards that city and thought probably similar cities in the South Asian countries, but also maybe in Europe with the places that I work. So I know very well as well. But I cannot generalize the findings of many worked for the city. City needs to be addressed separately by applying similar methodologies. But it has to be. I was wondering in terms of policy output than the usefulness of which we're doing. Is there anything that can be done actually, because if it's already super industrialized, what would be, what would be the concrete? Well, changing it like this short, like you wouldn't really need to actually destroy significant parts of the city in order to rebuild. And I'm not sure anybody would be kin with that. So then the value, are you finally maturing incurable cancer? Or is there, is there ways of coming up with a curious and if so, what are those? Because when, when it's industrialized, it's already too late or they didn't maybe spot future cities like if we build somewhere else. Yeah. I mean, it can be applied to both. By industrialized. Do you have another word for that? I mean the city. Space. Yes. It can be applied for future city, so it's separated by foot. Let's talk about the built with Absolut. Cds always go through these these changes, right? So in my city, the building regulations changes. It gets updated every ten years or maybe 20 years. So the buildings will be demolished and a new beliefs will come up. That is a one way of looking at the existing cities. But there are so many possibilities with microclimate intervention. So small things can, you can do so e.g. if the street is very much exposed to solar radiation, it can just hang a canopy during the summer months. Are you going to increase the vegetation percentage of that EMEA, right? So these are the micro climatic invention we can, we can do also, we can, we can change the payment of the streets. So it's not that, I mean, obviously demolishing a building is not a sustainable way of tackling things. But that can be manipulated with microgravity. Something for informal settlements, if you're seeing this kind of thing that you're showing in the old equity issuing in Ahmedabad way. There are certain kinds of old houses and people asked by building certain kinds of new houses. And this is huge amount of space and accumulate number of people in these kinds of spaces. So if you have something to say about how these pieces could be, how this construction could be shaped in a different way. Open the government is intervening, office, often NGOs are intervening in this reconstruction and planning. And so with this kind of knowledge can go into that. Maybe that can be. I think another major challenge of again covering just diverse participation have faced in this scenario in India to convince people just to come out of their personal benefits. So whenever you are reading all these people together, they would see what would be my benefit. I'm not going to demolition by three story building. And other people would say, okay, he has got three story building. Why can't I went one? So there is all these problems of power. That is, that it's not actually possible to do generate the solutions. With this scientific interventions, we have to think about other aspects, like people coming from different planes coming together to resolve this hybrid product problem. It's not only environmental. In this kind of cortex that people think about. Artificial cooling is distribution. Which is it because there's some like Eddie thinking, okay, we'll build it like this and then we get air conditioning or something that's actually think about what is going to happen in terms of energy consumption, the burning of fossil fuels, they are not worried about the mission is emitting heat in the environment. They don't care. They don't just care. I'm happy inside my building. And I guess Yeah. Sorry. Go ahead. Concern. And they all have our air conditioning units. Well, in Taka, it is for the upper middle class and middle class, they would have air conditioning. But obviously for some of these informal houses, I noticed I think yeah, they do have expensive electricity cost. Yeah, yeah. Some of the house and it's literally just the imagination. This is the solution, the ability like that. And then we find that we're not thinking, yeah. And then you can get, you can get it much cooler than you can get by cell, by extra windows. If you can even allow more ventilation and environmentally way. But you can't compete with the air conditioner that can take it down to 20 degrees. So that's the egg. But this kind of thing, working in very hot places for fieldwork, you can see that it is impacting thermal comfort. Like I'm thinking about one lady who had a there's two families had a conflict over ownership of a more concrete house. And finally, one brother was pushed out by this bus where the other brother, they said we're not going to leave. We're going to build attached outside the door of your house. They were living in this coconut palm. How satellite and then we didn't have it. Then we went this, it happened. And then they were like, We have the best house in the village because of the air conditioning in the middle of the summer. And in fact, it was really cool because of how the coconut palms and count them is coping with ventilated and everything. So people who people want to like everybody is talking about the weather all the time. Generally when it gets very hot like this kind of above body temperature. And you feel uncomfortable in a different way to people also worrying, worrying about that and think you might do it. So I guess it's also thinking about the credo of thinking about how to be comfortable. But it gets how you appeal to that. How do you propose your solution? Yeah. It is problem when people have a lot of money and they don't care. So convenient convincing those group of people would be basically how our policies and rules and regulations. So you have to follow the regulations so you don't have a lawyer now. But for, for economic solutions for lower-income people, it's much more easier to convince them. Because that cost impact would be much lower than rather than installing an air conditioning. And other thing. Oh, I think I need to add these to understand the behavior of the people or the subjects we are talking about. So very interesting thing, I have noticed that as I mentioned, that these people do not actually sleep inside the houses during summer months. When it's extremely hard. They actually have parks and neighboring places when they're hanging around. And he had seen the street where he said which is shaded. So they spend time there. They have their own veganism and behavior pattern to deal with those extreme heat. So we, as designers, we have to understand. All those patterns, which actually did so by providing on this front courtyard where people can hang around or have shaded space. Does it open and good air movement. But people were not able to see the benefits. In short, ducking, maybe you didn't eat more sheltered space during the rainy season, for instance. Thinking that even though you can keep extreme heat is the most important thing for sleeping indoors, I'll actually delete any app body the main practice problem domain, not, not heed week. We understand that heat has a very big impact on these people, but they are not bothered about. He wondered about flux. So in order to design a house that is that is tweetable for these kinds of kind of community. You have to consider all the environmental effects and it's not only that it's affecting them. Yeah, I was just going to add I mean, I was just thinking about the Singapore context and Tanya might not have a solution to this and just described, I mean, when I tell people I had come from syrup or the joke I always tell people is that Singapore has two sentence, summary and air condition says that it's always hot outside. Air condition inside. Like everyone has air conditioning here, like in the buildings, in your houses. I mean, I have that condition. And if I look out my public housing unit and then look at the weight places where people could a condition called grasses that every unit has one. So in Singapore, excuse, it's a culture non-tech air conditioning. And I was just I mean, I probably don't have to answer. Maybe tiny I wouldn't have a smell. I was wondering if TinyOS, like methodology and expertise could be used to convince Singaporeans there, we actually don't need a condition. And there would be major tasks for saving the planet. Since I don't know, I'm just spending music. Well, it has to do with the comfort index that is applied in Singapore. So that is with the building regulations perhaps. Although I have not really looked into that. But you will see in most of the houses or in offices, are in the commercial spaces, the temperature is lowered more than, I think, more than 24 degrees Celsius, which, which is actually comparable to the temperate climate standard, which is unnecessary. And people, people have all these extreme cold of his environment where they're supposed to wear a suit and one close to that. Why this is completely unnecessarily, the people of a tropical climate don't need that sort of lower temperature. But once you get acclimated, acclimatize to that, that's what you are bound to follow. So if you have 24 degrees Celsius at your office, you will have that in our home because you can't do without this scale of temperature. But if we were taught to react with the environment naturally, as we would actually like eyes with whether we would be comfortable at 30 degrees Celsius. That in terms of energy, how much saving that can happen. It is behavioral and it has to do with the regulations as well that how setup for the tropical climates. Similar to tropical climates, then we don't want them to say, Yeah, definitely. I'm wondering if that is really the key contribution that your work brings to connect the question as well. We need to think about how, how we do in terms of air conditioning and air conditioner micro-climates, and what it means for duty in sustainable futures. I mean, just thinking, oh, no, I didn't quite get that. Yeah, I was saying. I wonder if you just say it's perhaps the key contribution impact in terms of thinking about the question of sustainable futures, right? If we could all think about new regulating timer or regulating how we feel about temperature. In other ways other than fixing air condition in which a lot of energy, right? There's no debt perhaps is how your work relates to the question of global sustainable futures. Weld and the air conditioning has been addressed widely and it is well-known that finally says, are fully aware of it. It is, it is just that, you know, how the local policies are adopted. Again. So in order to have a wider impact, I think we have to bring together that how policies, the policy makers and the government and the commercial organizations, all these people together to make it to happen. Otherwise, the knowledge is out there and people aren't aware of the different groups come together. It's not going to be achieving. Thank you so much, Viktor. And all of you. Thank you. Thank you. It's such an amazing work and all your all your research over the years, just amazing for us to hear this. Thank you. Thank you, Mr.